**Colorimetry:** Handheld digital meters for Chlorine, pH, and Hardness. * **Electrode-Based Sensors:** Real-time monitoring for pH, Conductivity, and Temperature. * **Aseptic Sampling:** Standard procedure for collecting bacterial samples (flush port, clean container, zero headspace). * **TDS-to-EC Conversion:** Calculating solid load by multiplying conductivity by a factor (typically 0.55 to 0.9).