**pH Balance:** Scale of 0–14; ideal range (6.5–8.5) to prevent pipe corrosion or scale buildup (CPC 608.2). * **Hardness:** Concentration of Calcium and Magnesium; requires analysis for sizing water softeners or scale reduction devices (CPC Significant Changes). * **Chlorine Residual:** Verification of disinfection levels at the furthest fixture; tested via DPD colorimetric methods. * **Alkalinity:** Measures water's ability to neutralize acid; critical for preventing drastic pH swings that damage copper piping. * **Dissolved Oxygen (DO):** High levels can accelerate internal oxidation and "pitting" in metallic piping systems.